Transmission Control Protocol

TCP이라는 용어는 꽤 들어봤어옫 Transmission Control Protocol이라는 용어는 생경한 분들이 많을 겁니다. Wikipedia에 다음과 같이 정의되어 있네요.

The Transmission Control Protocol (TCP), sometimes called the Transfer Control Protocol, is one of the core protocols of the Internet Protocol Suite.
(원문 URL: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol)

TCP segment structure는 다음과 같이 구성되어 있다네요.

잘 알려진 anti-patterns으로는 다음과 같은 것들이 있다네요.

* Source port (16 bits) – identifies the sending port
* Destination port (16 bits) – identifies the receiving port
* Sequence number (32 bits) – has a dual role:

* If the SYN flag is set (1), then this is the initial sequence number. The sequence number of the actual first data byte and the acknowledged number in the corresponding ACK are then this sequence number plus 1.
* If the SYN flag is clear (0), then this is the accumulated sequence number of the first data byte of this packet for the current session.

* Acknowledgment number (32 bits) – if the ACK flag is set then the value of this field is the next sequence number that the receiver is expecting. This acknowledges receipt of all prior bytes (if any). The first ACK sent by each end acknowledges the other end's initial sequence number itself, but no data.
* Data offset (4 bits) – specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. The minimum size header is 5 words and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum of 60 bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header. This field gets its name from the fact that it is also the offset from the start of the TCP segment to the actual data.
* Reserved (4 bits) – for future use and should be set to zero
* Flags (8 bits) (aka Control bits) – contains 8 1-bit flags

* CWR (1 bit) – Congestion Window Reduced (CWR) flag is set by the sending host to indicate that it received a TCP segment with the ECE flag set and had responded in congestion control mechanism (added to header by RFC 3168).
* ECE (1 bit) – ECN-Echo indicates

* If the SYN flag is set (1), that the TCP peer is ECN capable.
* If the SYN flag is clear (0), that a packet with Congestion Experienced flag in IP header set is received during normal transmission (added to header by RFC 3168).

* URG (1 bit) – indicates that the Urgent pointer field is significant
* ACK (1 bit) – indicates that the Acknowledgment field is significant. All packets after the initial SYN packet sent by the client should have this flag set.
* PSH (1 bit) – Push function. Asks to push the buffered data to the receiving application.
* RST (1 bit) – Reset the connection
* SYN (1 bit) – Synchronize sequence numbers. Only the first packet sent from each end should have this flag set. Some other flags change meaning based on this flag, and some are only valid for when it is set, and others when it is clear.
* FIN (1 bit) – No more data from sender

* Window size (16 bits) – the size of the receive window, which specifies the number of bytes (beyond the sequence number in the acknowledgment field) that the receiver is currently willing to receive (see Flow control and Window Scaling)
* Checksum (16 bits) – The 16-bit checksum field is used for error-checking of the header and data
* Urgent pointer (16 bits) – if the URG flag is set, then this 16-bit field is an offset from the sequence number indicating the last urgent data byte
* Options (Variable 0-320 bits, divisible by 32) – The length of this field is determined by the data offset field. Options 0 and 1 are a single byte (8 bits) in length. The remaining options indicate the total length of the option (expressed in bytes) in the second byte.
* Padding – The TCP header padding is used to ensure that the TCP header ends and data begins on a 32 bit boundary. The padding is composed of zeros.[7]

Some options may only be sent when SYN is set; they are indicated below as [SYN].

* 0 (8 bits) - End of options list
* 1 (8 bits) - No operation (NOP, Padding) This may be used to align option fields on 32-bit boundaries for better performance.
* 2,4,SS (32 bits) - Maximum segment size (see maximum segment size) [SYN]
* 3,3,S (24 bits) - Window scale (see window scaling for details) [SYN][8]
* 4,2 (16 bits) - Selective Acknowledgement permitted. [SYN] (See selective acknowledgments for details)[9]
* 5,N,BBBB,EEEE,... (variable bits, N is either 10, 18, 26, or 34)- Selective ACKnowledgement (SACK)[10] These first two bytes are followed by a list of 1-4 blocks being selectively acknowledged, specified as 32-bit begin/end pointers.
* 8,10,TTTT,EEEE (80 bits)- Timestamp and echo of previous timestamp (see TCP timestamps for details)[11]
* 14,3,S (24 bits) - TCP Alternate Checksum Request. [SYN][12]
* 15,N,... (variable bits) - TCP Alternate Checksum Data.

* wikipedia에서 CCL 라이센스를 따르라네요.