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Modernization Theory

This is the view that the status of the elderly has declined since industrialization and the spread of technology.

Disengagement Theory

This is the idea that separation of older people from active roles in society is normal and appropriate, and benefits both society and older individuals.

Activity Theory

A view holding that the more active people are, the more likely they are to be satisfied with life.

Continuity Theory

The view that in aging people are inclined to maintain, as much as they can, the same habits, personalities, and styles of life that they have developed in earlier years.

Cognitive Theory

A view of aging that emphasizes individual subjective perception, rather than actual objective change itself, as the factor that determines behavior associated with advanced age.

Demographic Transition Theory

The idea that population aging can be explained by a decline in both birthrates and death rates following industrialization.

Exchange Theory

The idea that interaction in social groups is based on the reciprocal balancing of rewards depending on actions performed

Political Economy Theory

A societal perspective on the aging process that explains that the status and resources of the elderly, as well as how people age, are shaped by each person's place in the social structure and the economic and political forces that impact their sociopolitical location.

Biological theories

Wear-and-Tear theory
The idea that changes associated with aging are the result of chance damage that accumulates over time.

Somatic Mutation Theory
This is the biological theory that aging results from damage to the genetic integrity of the body’s cells.

Error Accumulation Theory
This is the idea that aging results from chance events that gradually damage the genetic code.

Accumulative-Waste Theory
The biological theory of aging that points to a buildup of cells of waste products that presumably interferes with metabolism.

Autoimmune Theory
This is the idea that aging results from gradual decline in the body’s immune system.

Aging-Clock Theory
The idea that aging results from a preprogrammed sequence, as in a clock, built into the operation of the nervous or endocrine system of the body.

Cross-Linkage Theory
This is the idea that aging results from accumulation of cross-linked compounds that interfere with normal cell function.

Free-Radical Theory
The idea that free radicals (unstable and highly reactive organic molecules) create damage that gives rise to symptoms we recognize as aging.

Cellular Theory
This is the view that aging can be explained largely by changes in structure and function taking place in the cells of an organism.