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What is a beginner ?
insecure with the concept of a terminal
has yet to learn the basics of vi
has not figured out how to get a directory
still has trouble with typing RETURN after each line

What is a novice ?
knows that ls will produce a directory
uses the editor, but calls it 'vye'
has heard of 'C' but never used it
has had his first bad experience with rm
is wondering how to read mail
is wondering why the person next to him seems to like Unix so very much

What is a user ?
uses vi and nroff, but inexpertly
had heard of regular-expr's but never seen one
uses egrep to search for fixed strings
has figured out that '-' precedes options
is wondering how to move a directory
has attempted to write a 'C' program and has decided to stick with pascal
thinks that sdb is a brand of stereo component
knows how to read his mail and is wondering how to read news

What is a knowlegable user ?
uses nroff with no trouble, and is beginning to learn tbl and eqn
thinks that fgrep is "fast grep"
has figured out that mv(1) will move directories
has learned that learn doesn't help
somebody has shown him how to write 'C' programs
once used sed to do some text substitution
has seen sdb used but does not use it himself
thinks that make is only for wimps

What is an expert ?
uses sed when necessary
uses macro's in vi, uses ex when necessary
posts news at every possible opportunity
writes csh scripts occasionally
writes 'C' programs using vi and compiles with cc
has figured out what '&&' and '||' are for
thinks that human history started with '!h'

What is a hacker ?
uses sed and awk with comfort
uses undocumented features of vi
wites 'C' code with 'cat >' and compiles with '!cc'
uses adb because he doesn't trust source debuggers
can answer questions about user environment
writes his own nroff macros to supplement standard ones
writes scripts for Bourne shell (/bin/sh)

What is a guru?
uses m4 and lex with comfort
writes assembly code with 'cat >'
uses adb on the kernel while system is loaded
customize utilities by patching the source
reads device driver source whis his/her breakfast
can answer any Unix question after a little thought
uses make for anything that requires two or more distinct commands to achieve
has learned how to breach security, but no longer needs to try

What is a wizard?
writes device drivers with 'cat >'
fixes bugs by patching binaries
can answer any question before you can ask
writes his own troff macro packages
is on first-name basis with Dennis, Bill and Ken