데이터 통신에서 말하는 심벌이 뭔가요???

시간에 넓이로 보면. 이런것 같습니다.
채널(FDMA). 밴드와이드(TDMA) > 심벌 > 보우 > 비트레이트

심벌이라는건. 가장 작은 점 단위.
레이져로 쏘면. 동그라미 점이 생기는데. 그것이 심벌즈 처럼 생겼습니다.
그래서. 심벌이라고 부르는지는 모르겠습니다. ㅡ_ㅡ;;
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yEXxJ3toHqs

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http://www.aceking.co.kr/datacomm/data_08.html
― 심벌(Symbol)이란?
⇒ 물리계층과 매체 전송 계층간의 인터페이스를 통과하는
데이터의 내용들.
ⅰ) 데이터 심벌
: Binary 데이터의 4 비트를 나타냄.
ⅱ) 제어 심벌
: 데이터 투명성을 위해서 프레임 본체에서 나타나지 않는 심벌.

http://nicelcw.blogspot.kr/2013/02/blog-post.html
무선랜 기술

http://drake.kr/m/post/78146
전자정보통신 약어정리

http://book.naver.com/bookdb/text_view.nhn?bid=5279499&dencrt=V0VaPzadctlmkhPOZevjZ2%252FCtd3Lktx8%252BkaWcPlMSeE%253D&term=%B5%A5%C0%CC%C5%CD+%C5%EB%BD%C5+%BD%C9%B9%FA+symbol&query=%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0+%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0+%EC%8B%AC%EB%B2%8C%28symbol%29
디지털 통신 이론

http://book.naver.com/bookdb/text_view.nhn?bid=1265775&dencrt=UN8sgrVR2SDJqyDN0HeQG2%252FCtd3Lktx8%252BkaWcPlMSeE%253D&term=%B5%A5%C0%CC%C5%CD+%C5%EB%BD%C5+%BD%C9%B9%FA+symbol&query=%EB%8D%B0%EC%9D%B4%ED%84%B0+%ED%86%B5%EC%8B%A0+%EC%8B%AC%EB%B2%8C%28symbol%29
디지털 통신 공학

http://seven00.tistory.com/524
변조속도(B=baud) : 1초 동안의 변조횟수 (단위 벌스수)
Baud = 1/T = 데이터 신호속도 / 한번에 보낼 수 있는 비트수 = bps / n

신호속도(bps) : 1초 동안 전송된 비트 수(정보량)
B log 2M = n x B = 데이터 신호속도 N : 비트수 M : 진수(위상)

http://seven00.tistory.com/524
정보전송공학

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http://rainbowstar.chungkang.ac.kr/digitalRF.htm

Baud rate, Symbol rate, bit rate 의 차이점 ( Baud,Symbol : 어떤 정보의 최소단위)
Baud(보오)

1 byte == 8 bit 영문
2 byte == 16 bit 한글

"무궁화 꽃이 피었습니다"를 1초에 걸쳐 전송시
=> 10 글자/sec x 2 byte(16bit) = 160 bps (16비트/글자)
=> 10 baud/sec, 10 symbol/sec

"apple is red"를 1초에 걸쳐 전송시
=> 10 글자/sec x 1 byte(8bit) = 80 bps (8비트/글자)
=> 10 baud/sec, 10 symbol/sec

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http://dongsanhitech.co.kr/bbs/view.php?id=0502&no=4

바코드 심볼 (SIMBOL 로 되어있다.)

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http://data.adic.co.kr/lit/thesis/1991/P0001211/000.html

전광판에 나타나는 게슐탈트(Gestalt) 분석

문자, 일러스트, 심볼

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http://istumbledon.com/Symbols.aspx

심볼당 데이터 비트수.

Modulation Scheme Data Bits per Symbol (Me)
BPSK 1
QPSK 2
8-VSB 3
QAM16 4
QAM256 8

Table 2 ? Symbol Bit-Packing for Various Digital Modulation Technologies

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http://www.ktword.co.kr/abbr_view.php?nav=2&m_temp1=4185&mgid=331
1. 정보 전송 률 (Data Transfer Rate)
bps, sps Data Rate, Bit Rate, Baud, Baud Rate, Symbol Rate 데이터율, 전송율, 전송률, 비트율, 비트레이트, 보오, 보율, 심볼률, 심볼율

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http://blog.naver.com/elanix/20009665310
디지털 통신과 CDMA

심볼 인코더
비트 열(bit stream)을 직렬에서 병렬로 전환한다.

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http://britcruise.com/tag/symbol-rate/
Symbols, Signals & Noise 동영상

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http://www.google.com/patents/WO2004073195A1?cl=en

Data rate
Number of hands
modulation
Symbol rate / band
Raw bit rate
Symbol interval
T

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http://dc717.4shared.com/doc/UMiPQR15/preview.html

PSK (Phase Shift Key)
QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation)

2PSK : Symbol rate = Bitrate
0 1
1 0 1 0
180 180 180

4PSK : Symbol rate = 1/2 Bitrate
4QAM
01 11
00 10
11 01 10 00
90 180 -90

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http://rfmw.em.keysight.com/wireless/helpfiles/89600B/WebHelp/subsystems/digdemod/content/dlg_digdemod_fmt_symrate.htm

Maximum Span (FSK) = 100 x (symbol rate)
Maximum Span (all others) = (20 x (symbol rate)) / k
k = 1.28 for all formats

Minimum Span (VSB) = (symbol rate) x ((1+alpha)/2)
Minimum Span (QAM, PSK) = (symbol rate) x (1 + alpha)

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http://www.firerescue1.com/fire-products/communications/articles/483381-IAFF-Voice-Radio-Communications-Guide-for-the-Fire-Service-Section-2-Basic-radio-communication-technology/

Channel BandWidth

Electromagnetic Wave

Amplitude
|
|
|------------------
|
| Wavelength
|
|

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http://www.ni.com/white-paper/5689/en/

Symbol Rate versus Bandwidth

Bandwidth = Symbol Rate x ( 1 + fa )

-----------------
Channel Bandwidth

Frequency

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http://csplab.kaist.ac.kr/~khwa/ofdm.htm

심볼주기 (us) 대역폭 (MHz) 채널코딩 전송률 (Mbps)

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http://www.dbpia.co.kr/Journal/ArticleDetail/3227233
가변 심볼율 MQASK(M-ary Quadrature Amplitude Keying) 디지털 수신기를 위한 타이밍 복원 방안

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http://en.allexperts.com/q/Satellite-Communications-2436/2011/3/Satellite-communication-1.htm
Satellite Communications/Satellite communication

http://www.avateq.com/content/53/DVB-S/S2-Monitoring-Receiver
AVQ1020 - ActiveCore® RF Layer Monitoring Receiver and Signal Analyzer

http://www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/print/volume-27/issue-3/technology/photonic-integration-powers-100-gbps-dwdm.html
Photonic integration powers 100-Gbps DWDM

http://www.geocaching.com/geocache/GC1HNMB_wcdma?guid=c2d254bb-7e76-4bd0-8e0a-26bb9b89e745
WCDMA

http://www.heyrick.co.uk/ricksworld/digibox/symfec.html
What is the Symbol rate?
What does FEC mean?

http://www.gaussianwaves.com/2012/07/simulation-of-m-psk-modulation-techniques-in-awgn-channel/
gaussian Waves
Simulation of M-PSK modulation techniques in AWGN channel

http://www.wavecom.ch/content/ext/decoder-online-help/default.htm#!worddocuments/telegraphspeedbitrat.htm
Telegraph Speed, Bit Rate, Baud Rate and Symbol Rate

http://gigarf.com/new/tec-top.htm
MPEG2 Encoder & DVB-S Modulator
DVB-S Modulator

DVB-S 무선의 전송속도 및 대역폭 (I)
GIGA RF 프로그램

http://www.10gea.org/whitepapers/gigabit-ethernet/
Gigabit Ethernet ( GigE ) & 1000BASE-T
Forward Error Correction (FEC) Bit
Symbol Encoder

http://sharmamonika95.blog.com/sample-page/analog-transmission/digital-to-analog-conversion/
Digital-to-analog conversion
Binary frequency shift keying

ASK (OOK)
BPSK
QPSK
4-QAM
16-QAM

http://www.lightwaveonline.com/articles/print/volume-29/issue-5/features/moving-beyond-10-tbps-line-capacity.html
Moving beyond 10-Tbps line capacity

Bits per symbol (increase constellation size)

|
|
--------------------------------------
Soft decision FEC Symbols per second
(increase coding gain) (increase symbol reate)
|
|
Superchannel
(number of sub-carriers)

http://www.element14.com/community/groups/test-and-measurement/blog/2014/06/02/complex-rf-digital-modulation-with-33622a
Complex RF digital modulation with 33622A

http://www.arbitrary.es/downloads.html
ArbIQ (Wireless Signal Creation Software for AWGs)
DBA (Digital Broadcast Analysis)

IMT-2000
CDMA

http://www.nature.com/nphoton/journal/v5/n6/full/nphoton.2011.74.html
TDM
WDM
OFDM

http://edison.rutgers.edu/biogrphy.htm
http://www.clevelandhs.org/ourpages/webdesign4/maranandavid/pages/science.html

http://blog.naver.com/jawookim94/100002552652
블루투스

http://blog.naver.com/syleenet/80026899068
VSB 방송 방식의 이해. 영상통신

http://blog.naver.com/thorong/70146807276
xDSL을 위한 변조방식인 CAP, DMT, 2BIQ에 대해 설명하시오

http://blog.naver.com/thorong/70145812853
ISI에 대하여 설명하시오

http://blog.daum.net/ticcanis/51
ISI 발생원인

http://blog.naver.com/PostView.nhn?blogId=thorong&logNo=70145920193&parentCategoryNo=&categoryNo=12&viewDate=&isShowPopularPosts=true&from=search
ADPCM과 ADM을 설명하시오

http://linecard.tistory.com/23
부호간 상호 간섭 (ISI) Inter-Symbol Interference

http://blog.naver.com/dldbrud84/120025248395
[ADSL]주요전송기술 ┗DSL

http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=592405&cid=50324&categoryId=50324
심벌 레이트 [symbol rate] (전기용어사전, 2011.1.10, 일진사)
디지털 통신에 있어서 전송되는 매 초의 심벌 수. 변조 속도와 같은 뜻이다.

http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=364189&cid=42605&categoryId=42605
심벌 [cymbal] (파퓰러음악용어사전 & 클래식음악용어사전, 2002.1.28, 삼호뮤직)

http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=1119684&cid=40942&categoryId=33037
심벌즈 [cymbals] (두산백과)
원반(圓盤) 두 개를 서로 맞부딪쳐서 리듬을 잡는 금속타악기.

http://blog.naver.com/gojh79/220099398492
위성에서 Symbol rate와 data rate 계산해주는 사이트 DVB-S
http://www.satellite-calculations.com/Satellite/bitrates.htm

http://cafe.naver.com/activerfid/11
DASH7 Mode2 기술 요약

http://cafe.naver.com/usedsite/481
HQ-100 [QAM Modulator] Audio Video

http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=symbol

http://m.blog.naver.com/kkum3/110018653742
인천함

http://korea.gnu.org/manual/release/gdb/gdb.html
GDB를 이용한 디버깅

http://library.kaist.ac.kr/thesis02/2005/2005M020023939_S1Ver2.pdf
다중 사용자 MIMO/OFDM 시스템에서 QoS를 보장하는 실시간 부반송파 및 비트 할당 방법

http://galleryhip.com/return-to-ravnica-symbol.html

http://www.mike-willis.com/Tutorial/PF15.htm
The Fundementals
Introduction Maxwell's equations Plane waves Free space loss Gas Loss Refraction Diffraction Reflections Troposcatter Rain effects Vegetation Statistics Link budgets Noise Multipath Measurements Models

https://www.google.co.kr/search?q=%EC%8B%AC%EB%B3%BC%EC%9C%A8&newwindow=1&rlz=1C1QJDB_enKR601KR602&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=QwckVI-lK4fX8gX9iIC4Cg&ved=0CAgQ_AUoAQ&biw=1151&bih=640#newwindow=1&tbm=isch&q=Symbol+rate&facrc=_&imgdii=_&imgrc=nDf-g0mc4hPIOM%253A%3BQ1mVHHB78KlXlM%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mike-willis.com%252FTutorial%252FPF_files%252FPicture246.gif%3Bhttp%253A%252F%252Fwww.mike-willis.com%252FTutorial%252FPF15.htm%3B613%3B186
심볼율