여기서 strip을 어떻게 해석하면 좋을까요?

There are a few types of executable formats you can find on an embedded device:
● ELF with/without gzip compression, stripped and not stripped
● Binary Flat format (bFLT) with/without gzip compression
The ELF format is the most common format. Most of the time the binaries will be "stripped",
which means that all the debugging information has been removed from the file. If you are
lucky the binary has not been stripped and all this information will still be there. This gives
more clues about what is actually in the file.

위구문에서 strip을 어떻게 해석하면 좋을까요?

벗겨진???? 아.. 대충 뜻은 알겠는데.. 한글로 번역중이라..
참.. 프로그램 랭귀지 처럼 사람이 사용하는 각 나라의 언어의 습득도 어렵네요..;;;;;;